For scientific understanding of historic climate change based on the temperature record of the past thousand years, and distinguished contributions to the public’s understanding of climate science and ways to mitigate climate change.

For singular thought leadership pioneering new concepts and creating new fields in energy and the environment, specifically addressing energy efficiency, carbon capture and sequestration, and climate stabilization strategies.

For developing organosilicon materials and organometallic and biochemical reagents for use as contact lens materials, heat shield coatings on space shuttles, and super strong light plastics.

For basic and translational research on taste, smell and flavor, leading to discoveries of how food and flavor preferences are formed and can be changed, and impacting population-wide recommendations for healthier diets.

For pioneering the use of model organism Drosophila (fly) to gain insight into genes, mechanisms, and risk factors relevant to human brain degenerative diseases for treatment development.

For establishing the platform for constructing stable and safe mRNA to enable gene-induced immune response within the human body.

For the development of the mRNA approach to enable gene-induced immune response within the human body.

For developing gene therapies for curing retinal degeneration and ocular diseases.

For synthesis of novel peptides and proteins and the development of antimicrobial peptides.

For developing algorithms for computational simulation of biological systems and the development of antimicrobial peptides.

For innovation in theoretical and computation design of new materials.

For discovery of a new class of materials known as topological insulators

For discovery of a new class of materials known as topological insulators.

For establishing the platform for constructing stable and safe mRNA to enable gene-induced immune response within the human body.

To recognize his inventions relating to the foil electret microphone

For her pioneering contributions to robotics and engineering science.

To recognize his research on the mathematical, statistical and theoretical aspects of population genetics.

For his work in developing new concepts of evolutionary theory.

For elucidating the molecular mechanisms governing CRISPR- Cas Systems, which defend prokaryotic cells against viruses and foreign nucleic acids, and for enabling the application of these systems as revolutionary tools for genome control and editing.

For elucidating the molecular mechanisms governing CRISPR- Cas Systems, which defend prokaryotic cells against viruses and foreign nucleic acids, and for enabling the application of these systems as revolutionary tools for genome control and editing.

For elucidating the molecular mechanisms governing CRISPR- Cas Systems, which defend prokaryotic cells against viruses and foreign nucleic acids, and for enabling the application of these systems as revolutionary tools for genome control and editing.

To recognize his work on developing and testing novel forms of immunotherapy for cancer and chronic infections.

To recognize Dr. Perdew for his key role in the development of density functional theory (DFT) which has led to a fundamental understanding and design of the structure and behavior of materials. He “derived exact properties of the exchange-correlation energy, using exact constraints to construct the approximations widely used for applications across condensed matter physics, chemistry and materials science.” He is one of the most cited physicists.

To recognize Dr. Madeleine M. Joullié’s research on the synthesis of natural products which has led to the creation of antiviral and antibacterial compounds, agents that can interfere with tumor angiogenesis, and other natural products used against cancer. Dr. Joullie has also developed compounds that are key elements of fingerprinting and forensic science.

Recognized for her groundbreaking research in the development of drugs derived from natural products for the treatment of malignancies and on the challenges of dealing with the emergence of drug resistance in cancer.

Recognized for their pioneering work discovery that, unline immortal cancer cells, normal human cells are mortal. His interpretation of mortality as cellular aging established the modern era of aging research, and his development of a human cell strain used to make most human virus vaccines has benefitted billions world-wide. He is the author of the best-selling book, "How and Why We Age," which has sbeen translated into nine languages.

Recognized for his work at the Wistar Institute with Dr. Leonard Hayflick in the discovery that normal human cells are mortal, as well as his development of a technique for microscopically visualizing human and animal chromosomes that became a standard world-wide. The paper Dr. Moorhead co-authored in 1961 with Dr. Hayflick, "The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains," has become one of the most frequently cited scientific papers in modern history. Dr. Moorhead won the National Institutes of Health Career Development Award on three separate occasions.

Recognized for his contributions to the practice of fetal surgery, exploring cutting edge surgical treatment options for life-threatening fetal anatomic malformations.

To recognize his work on developing and testing novel forms of immunotherapy for cancer and chronic infections.

Recognized for his work on environmental causes of birth defects including exposure to drugs, chemicals, and ionizing radiation.

To recognize his work on developing and testing novel forms of immunotherapy for cancer and chronic infections.

Recognized for their groundbreaking research into the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Dr. Trojanowski's research centers on molecular mechanisms of neuron dysfunction, degeneration and death in normal aging and in neurodegenerative diseases. Dr. D.Lee's research focuses on disease proteins that form pathological inclusions in hereditary and sporadic Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and related neurodegenerative disorders of aging. Their research provides critical evidence for the direction of new areas of research that are needed to identify targets and create better treatments for these debilitating diseases.

Recognized for their groundbreaking research into the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Dr. Trojanowski's research centers on molecular mechanisms of neuron dysfunction, degeneration and death in normal aging and in neurodegenerative diseases. Dr. D.Lee's research focuses on disease proteins that form pathological inclusions in hereditary and sporadic Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and related neurodegenerative disorders of aging. Their research provides critical evidence for the direction of new areas of research that are needed to identify targets and create better treatments for these debilitating diseases.

Recognized for his groundbreaking work in positron emission tomography (PET). He pioneered the development of single proton emission computer tomography (SPECT), which led to PET. He remains a leading researcher in PET applications, particularly in the study of cardiovascular and brain function. His research is focused on introducing new measures of neurochemical and metabolic processes determined within the living brain, using radioactive molecular tracers and emission reconstruction tomography. He has also received the Japan Prize for his contributions to tomographic imaging in nuclear medicine and was elected to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences. He holds memberships and leadership positions in professional societies, including the American College of Radiology, American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, the Society of Nuclear Medicine, and the Association of University Radiologists.

Recognized for her pioneering work in determining the three-dimensional structure of biologically important molecules. Dr. Glusker determined the molecular structure of a hexacarboxylic acid, derived from Vitamin B12, which led to the determination of the previously unknown chemical formula of Vitamin B12, the "anti-pernicious anemia factor," the largest molecular structure to be determined by x-ray diffraction methods as the time. Her work on the molecular structure of components of the Krebs cycle provided critical new insights into the molecular and biochemical aspects of metabolism. Her impact on our knowledge of the causes and possible treatment of cancer continued with her determination of the structures of numerous anti-tumor agents and important mutagens, including the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons benzo[a]pyrene and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, which are the major carcinogens in tobacco smoke. Her novel triangular plots to represent the positions of metal ions with respect to the three most likely binding atoms in proteins, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur, and her skillful analyses have greatly expanded our understanding and appreciation of the roles of metals in catalysis.